The Heretics & Heresies
Understanding the heresies that the Church Fathers combated is essential to appreciating the development of orthodox doctrine. These teachings were rejected because they undermined core truths about God, Christ, salvation, and the Church.
Why Study Heresies?
St. Augustine wrote, "There are many things which belong to the Catholic faith that, when they are agitated by the feverish restlessness of heretics, in order that they may be defended against them, are both more carefully considered, and more clearly understood, and more earnestly pressed upon the attention." Heresy forced the Church to clarify what it believed and why—producing the great creeds and theological definitions that have guided Christians ever since.
Arianism
The Son is a creature, the first and greatest of all creatures, but created
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Marcionism
The God of the Old Testament (Demiurge) is different from and inferior to the God of Jesus
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Valentinian Gnosticism
Elaborate mythology of divine emanations (aeons) from the ultimate God (Bythos)
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Manichaeism
Radical dualism: equal and eternal principles of Light (good) and Darkness (evil)
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Pelagianism
Adam's sin affected only himself, not transmitted to descendants (denial of original sin)
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Nestorianism
Mary should be called 'Christotokos' (Christ-bearer) not 'Theotokos' (God-bearer)
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